III. 架構模式: 英文作文包含許多主題，每個都有其適切之段落發展模式。這些
架構模式有時可以單獨存在，有時亦可混合使用。現細分如下:
1. Narration叙述事件、故事:
本模式旨在敘述事件的發生經過，情景，人物的經歷。簡言之，Narration即是「說故事」(story-telling)的過程。本模式對事件進行寫實性敘述，如傳記、遊記、小說、故事等。我們在寫敘述文時，主要目的在讓讀者有栩栩如生的感覺。所以文章須要具體而生動，能繪聲繪影，大量形容詞的運用都可對情景的描寫更傳神。書寫要點如下:
A. Point of View (人稱)
a. First-Person Approach 第一人稱敘述：用第一人稱來敘述如I, we, ourselves . . . 等，以「我」的角度來詮釋事件發生經過，用主觀的 (subjective) 表現手法告訴讀者，給讀者一種親身經歷的感覺，加強事件的可信性，直接抒發作者主觀的思想情感，讓讀者深有同感。
b. Third-Person Approach第三人稱敘述：如he, she, they . . . 等，用旁觀者、局外人(outsider)的觀點與角度來敘述事件，以客觀(objective)的寫作方法，能夠充分反映事件中各人的感受及見解，以全知(omniscient)的角度來詮釋事件發生經過。有人稱之為 “a-fly-on-the-wall perspective”，不為人覺察的觀察者角度。
B. Past Tense (過去式時態): 由於絕大部分事件均已發生，我們是事後加以
闡述。故常用過去式時態。
C. Chronological Order / Time Order (時間次序): 故事的發展需以時間為基礎，按時間的推移來發展。以事件或人物出現的先後次序來展開故事， 技巧稱為Chronological Order 或Time Order。若不依照時間的推移來發展故事，則意使讀者產生錯亂。另有從故事中間開始，再往前倒叙的表現方式稱之為 “flashback”。電影、戲劇、或文學作品慣有此類的倒叙片段。
D. 常用字詞、句型: 可用於表現時間轉換之轉承字詞 (Time Signals) 包含:
l first
l after
l meanwhile; as
l soon
l then; next
l during
l before
l eventually; finally
2. Description描述(寫)人、物: 描寫文主要使用生動而具體化之語言把人、物、建築、及環境詳細說明出來，例如動作描寫，景色描寫，場景描寫等。如同Narrative Essay一般，大量形容詞的運用都可對情景的描寫更加精準。描寫文與記敘文可混合使用，使文章更多變化。
A. Spatial Order (空間次序): 空間次序用來描寫人、物體、景象、環境之空間分布狀況，特色等。
B. 運用空間描寫時，有一定之規則。一般說來，會按照
上à下 大à小 左à右 前à後 外à內 遠à近
等次序，或作者有特定安排之順序。如此整篇文章人、物體及空間描寫
才會然有井然有序，條而不紊。
C. 常用字詞、句型: 可用於表現空間連結之轉承字詞 (Space Signals) 包含:
l next to
l across
l on the opposite side
l to the left
l above
l below
l nearby
l diagonally across from
l behind=in back of
l before=in front of
D. 段落範例
Our New Apartment
Our new apartment is on the third floor of a blue-painted building,
with interesting neighbors around us, located in suburban Taipei. A gray-haired couple live on the second floor; whenever we meet, they always greet us with smiles. The neighbor on our right-handed side is a doctor who kindly provides us with valuable answers to our medical problems. On the ground floor lives a nice-looking lady running a grocery store.
3. Exemplification例證;範例
A. 常用字詞、句型:
1. To take an example / instance from English, the word “inconceivable” is written as one word but consists of three morphemes.
2. Institutions such as schools play a significant role in the establishment of young people’s cultural identity.
3. People with tooth decay should avoid sweet foods, e.g. (exempli gratia) cake, chocolate, and ice cream.
4. This theory can be best illustrated by the fact that proficient learners build up an extensive vocabulary by constant reading.
5. The current event shows / exemplifies / illustrates this concept.
6. The following example will serve to clarify the negative effects on children watching TV.
7. Senior officers—i. e., anyone with the rank of colonel or above—get their own administrative staff. (id est = that is to say = namely )
B. 段落範例: 最常見用來支持論點的舉例類型共四種
1. Brief Examples 簡短的例子：運用最簡單的例子。這些例子來自自己的親身經歷或直接觀察。
2. Extended Examples延展的例子：更長，更詳細敘述的事件。這些例子可能來自自己或週遭認識的人。
3. Statistics統計數字：如果統計數字是公正、正確、並且來源可靠，適當的使用統計數字，更能有效的支持作者論點。
4. Expert Opinion or Testimony專家意見：取材自與作者的寫作內容有相關的，權威人士的意見與學說。利用專家的意見來為自己說話，更具說服力。
以下內容取材自Stephen McDonald 和 William Salomone 合著之
The Writer's Response: A Reading-Based Approach to College Writing.
(A) Brief Examples
People, at least the ones in my town, seem to have become ruder as the population has increased. Yesterday, several drivers came up behind me gestured rudely even though I was driving 10 miles per hour over the speed limit. The other day, as my friend and I were sitting on the seawall, watching the sunset listening to the ocean waves, a roller-blader with a boom box going full blast sat down next to us. When we politely asked him to turn off his radio, he cursed at us and skated off. Every day, I see perfectly healthy people parking in spaces reserved for the handicapped, smokers lighting up in no-smoking areas and refusing to leave when asked, and people shoving their way into lines at movie theaters and grocery stores.
(B) Extended Examples
The senseless, brutal violence that we read about in the newspapers every day seems very distant from the average person, but it is really not far away at all. In fact, it can strike any one of us without any warning—
just as it struck my uncle Silas last week. After having dinner with his wife and children, Silas had driven to the gas station at the corner of the First St. and Fifth St., where he was working part-time to earn extra money.
Some time around 11:00 p.m., two men carrying a rifle and a shotgun approached him and demanded money. Uncle Silas was a good, brave man, but he was a realistic person. He knew when to cooperate, and that’s just what he did. He opened the cash register and the safe, then handed the intruders the keys to his new truck. Suddenly, they shot him in the head and ran away. (整個段落以Uncle Silas的不幸遭遇來當例子。)
(C) Statistics
In fact, according to a study by the American Psychological
Association, the average American child will view 8,000 murders and
100,000 other acts of violence before finishing elementary school. The
average 27 hours a week kids spend watching TV—much of it violent—
makes them more prone to aggressive and violent behaviors as
adolescents and adults. TV executives have known this for a long time.
One of the most comprehensive studies of the impact of violent TV was
commissioned by CBS back in 1978. It found that teenage boys who have
watched more hours of violent TV than average before adolescence were
committing such violent crimes as rape and assault as a rate 49 percent
higher than boys who watched fewer than average hours of violent TV.
(整個段落以American Psychological Association的統計數字來當佐證。)
(D) Expert Opinion or Testimony
Parents must strive to find alternative to the physical punishment of children. Almost every effect of punishment is negative. Dr. Thomas Price, famous psychologist and professor at Stanford University, states that “Punishment is a traumatic experience not only in itself but also because it disappoints the child’s wish to believe in the benevolence of the parent, on which his sense of security rests.” (整個段落以Dr. Thomas Price的學說理論來當例子。)
4. Cause and Effect因果關係: 因果關係的文章主要處裡兩件事：第一，事情為什麼會發生（原因）。第二、事情的發生結果（效果）。簡言之，因果關係的差別在於:
A. 原因 à 「為什麼會出現這種情況？」
結果 à 「因為這件事，導致了什麼結果？」
B. 常用字詞、句型:
(I) Cause
1. Drastic changes in living pattern will result from / be a result of / be a consequence of / be due to / follow from changes in water levels.
2. The CEO attributed the failure mainly to a lack of preparation.
3. The probable cause of the deadly car accident was human error.
4. The legitimate / major / valid reason for his emergence was hard work and perseverance.
5. Learning disabilities (LD), low achievement (LA), or mild mental retardation (MMR) are often mistakenly attributed to ADHD.
(II) Effect
1. Changes in water levels will cause / result in / be the reason for / be responsible for / contribute to / lead to drastic changes in living pattern.
2. In some areas, water levels will fall; as a result / consequently / therefore / hence / thus / because of this, these areas will no longer be able to support industry.
3. Motivations are important factors contributing to second language acquisition.
4. The first debut of the original design a decade ago paved the way for the latest model today.
5. Do the languages we speak deeply shape the way we see the world, the way we think, and the way we live our lives
C. 段落範例:
Some scientists warn that the gradual warming of the earth’s atmosphere, know as the Greenhouse Effect, will cause dramatic changes in the world as we know of it. First of all, because of the increase in temperature of up to 10 degrees F by the end of the next century, which some believe has already begun, there will be changes in existing patterns of agriculture. Such fertile areas as the US Plains may become deserts, while the now arid lands in Saudi Arabia may become grain-producing farmland. Secondly, since rainfall patterns will change, water supplies in some areas will diminish. Experts predict, for instance, that the rice fields in Southeast Asia will someday require irrigation to sustain crops. Changes in water levels will also be responsible for altered living patterns. Costal areas, such as Florida and the Netherlands, will experience such a dramatic rise in water levels that they will fall bellow sea level and become uninhabitable. In other areas, like the Great Lakes, water levels will fall; consequently, they will no longer be able to support industry with energy supplies and a ready means of transportation. Since most experts on the Greenhouse Effect are convinced that it is irreversible, they advise us to plan now for how best to cope with a changing world.
*以上內容取材自Martin L. Arnaudet 和Mary Ellen Barrett合著之
Paragraph Development: A Guide for Students of English. 2ed Edition
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周五 10月 04, 2013 3:25 am